Sleep mediates the relationship between precarious employment and mental health.

Background: Current evidence suggests that precarious employment is a risk factor for poor mental health. Although the mechanisms underpinning this relationship are unclear, poor sleep has been proposed to have a role in this relationship. This study explored the mediating effects of poor sleep quality and duration on the relationship between precarious employment and mental health. Methods: Data were obtained from wave 17 of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. A novel precarious employment score (PES) was developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in 8127 workers (4195 female, aged 18-65). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to evaluate the mediating effect of sleep quality and duration on the relationship between precarious employment and mental health (SF-36 mental health subscale). Results: The PES identified 650 workers with a high level of precariousness, 2417 with a moderate level of precariousness, and 5060 workers with a low level of precariousness out of 8127 in total. There was a significant direct association between precarious employment and mental health; with higher precarity increasing the likelihood of poor mental health. The SEM results revealed that sleep quality partially mediated the association between precarious employment and mental health (Coefficient = 0.025, 95 % CI [0.015, 0.034], P ≤ 0.001). However, a mediation effect was not found for sleep duration. Conclusion: Encouraging precarious employees to improve sleep quality may mitigate the adverse effects of precarious work on their mental health. Further objective measurement of sleep duration warrants a more accurate insight into this mediating effect in this group.

Precarious employment and associated health and social consequences; a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to identify, evaluate, and summarise the consequences of precarious employment. METHODS: We included studies published within the last ten years (Jan 2011-July 2021) that employed at least two of three key dimensions of precarious employment: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection. RESULTS: Of the 4,947 initially identified studies, only five studies met our eligibility criteria. These five studies were of moderate quality as assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Our review found that the current literature predominantly defines precarity based on the single criterion of employment insecurity. Our review identified evidence for the negative consequences of precarious employment, including poorer workplace wellbeing, general health, mental health, and emotional wellbeing. The findings indicated an increase in the magnitude of these adverse outcomes with a higher degree of job precariousness. CONCLUSIONS: The rise of employment precariousness will likely continue to be a major issue in the coming years. More research is needed to inform effective policies and practices using a consensus definition of precarious employment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH: The presence of adverse effects of precarious employment suggests workplace initiatives are essential to mitigate the negative consequences of precarity.

Improving Quality of Life During Chemotherapy: Cannabinoids, Cryotherapy, and Scalp Cooling.

There have been significant advances in the treatment of cancer in the past decade. However, patients continue to suffer from significant side effects of antineoplastic agents that greatly affect their quality of life (QOL), including chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), and chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). This review aims to provide an updated overview of emerging strategies for the management and prevention of these immediate and long-lasting side effects. The use of integrative medicine including cannabis continues to evolve in the realm of CINV and cancer-related anorexia. Although no pharmaceutical agent has been approved for the prevention of CIPN, cryotherapy, compression therapy and, more recently, cryocompression therapy have shown benefit in small trials, but there are concerns with tolerability especially related to cryotherapy. More data are necessary to determine an effective and tolerable option to prevent CIPN in large, randomized studies. Scalp cooling (SC), which has a similar mechanism to cryotherapy and compression therapy for CIPN prevention, has proven to be an effective and tolerable approach in randomized studies and has significantly limited CIA, an entity that definitively affects the QOL of patients living with cancer. Taken together, cannabis, cryotherapy, compression and cryocompression therapy, and SC all strive to improve the QOL of patients living with cancer by minimizing the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents.

Exploring Clinicians' Perspectives of Barriers to Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment and Management in Oncology Practice: A Qualitative Analysis of Semi-structured Interviews.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative reports suggest that the assessment and management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in practice is suboptimal. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this qualitative analysis was to explore clinician-related perspectives of CIPN assessment, management, and the use of a CIPN decision support tool. METHODS: Clinicians from the breast oncology, gastrointestinal oncology, or multiple myeloma disease centers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute who interacted with a CIPN clinician decision support algorithm were eligible to participate in the semi-structured interviews. The interview guide included questions about CIPN assessment, management, and clinician-decision support tool use. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS: Of the 39 eligible clinicians, 15 agreed to be interviewed. Interviewed clinicians were mainly physicians (73.3) and White, non-Hispanic (93.3%). Main themes from the interviews included (1) CIPN management practice patterns (eg, endorsement of non-recommended management strategies or lack of standardization for chemotherapy dose reduction) and barriers (eg, insurance prior authorizations required for duloxetine prescription), (2) CIPN assessment practice patterns (eg, use of subjective instead of objective CIPN assessment approaches) and barriers (eg, difficult to interpret patients' CIPN report between visits), and (3) utilization of the clinician decision support tool (eg, all assessment tasks lead to same management options). CONCLUSIONS: There are several barriers to clinicians' use of evidence-based CIPN assessment and management strategies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Future work should be focused on addressing barriers to duloxetine prescription, developing evidence-based CIPN assessment and management strategies, improving symptom monitoring, and facilitating referrals to existing supportive care services.

Mental Fatigue Impairs Postural Stability in Older Adults.

Purpose: Postural instability can increase the risk of a fall in older adults. In this study, the impact of mental fatigue on postural stability among healthy older adults was investigated. Method: Participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control groups. Postural stability of all participants was tested using the Biodex Balance System (BBS) before and immediately after watching a 30-min documentary program (control group) or completing a 30-min Stroop task (experimental group). Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after the Stroop task or watching documentary program. Results: The results indicated that experimental group revealed higher stability scores in the posttest compared to pretest (P ≤ 0.001). However, there were no significant differences for BBS scores between pre and posttest in control group (P = .688). In addition, posttest of subjective ratings of mental fatigue was significantly different between experimental and control groups. Finally, there was also evidence of an association between Visual analog scale and BBS scores in the experimental group (rs = 0.712, P = .002). Conclusions: Mental fatigue caused by Stroop task had a negative impact on postural stability in older adults. This may be due to reduction in attentional resources that was caused by mental fatigue. Thus, mental fatigue could be considered as a risk factor for increased risk of falls in older adults.

Exploring Patients' Understanding of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.

Little quantitative evidence exists surrounding patients' level of understanding of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) symptoms (numbness, tingling, pain in the hands/feet) and consequences (e.g., negatively affect physical functioning or chemotherapy dosing) at the beginning of chemotherapy. The purpose of this cross-sectional, secondary analysis was to describe CIPN knowledge and education patterns among adults early in a course of neurotoxic chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer (< three infusions). Following consent, participants completed an electronic questionnaire about their perceptions of CIPN symptoms, incidence, and education. Participants (N = 92) were mainly female (76%), white (91%), and diagnosed with breast (46%) or gastrointestinal (40%) cancers. Most participants without CIPN (n = 48) did not expect to develop CIPN (45%) or were unaware of CIPN as a side-effect (30%). Furthermore, 71% of participants without CIPN (n = 31) estimated CIPN to occur in ≤ 30% of patients receiving neurotoxic chemotherapy. Overall, participants learned about CIPN from their doctor or nurse prior to beginning chemotherapy (90%). Clinicians delivered education about CIPN symptoms (75%), but less frequently delivered education about CIPN management (14%), or the impact of CIPN on the ability to continue chemotherapy (16%) or physical functioning (24%). Finally, participants reported that a discussion with their doctor/nurse would be the best way to learn about CIPN (92%). Results revealed that participants without CIPN were largely unaware of the adverse consequences or incidence of CIPN during treatment. Further research is needed to investigate optimal methods to promote patient-clinician communication about CIPN during chemotherapy to enhance patients' retention of CIPN information and activation in their care.

Identifying participants' preferences for modifiable chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy prevention clinical trial factors: an adaptive choice-based conjoint analysis.

PURPOSE: There are no recommended treatments for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) prevention. Recruitment to CIPN prevention clinical trials is challenging because it is difficult to enroll patients between the time of cancer diagnosis and the initiation of neurotoxic chemotherapy. The purpose of this exploratory-sequential mixed-methods study was to determine patients' preferences that could affect the choice to participate in CIPN prevention clinical trials. METHODS: First, twenty cognitive interviews were conducted with adults who completed less than three neurotoxic chemotherapy infusions to clarify clinical trial attributes and levels thought to be important to patients when deciding whether to enroll in CIPN prevention trials (i.e., type of treatment, clinical tests, reimbursement, survey delivery; length of visits, timing of follow-up, when to begin treatment). Second, another eighty-eight patients completed an adaptive choice-based conjoint analysis survey that incorporated the finalized attributes and levels. Each level was assigned a part-worth utility score using Hierarchical Bayes Estimation. The relative importance of each attribute was calculated. RESULTS: The attributes with the highest relative importance values were type of treatment (27.1%) and length of study visits (20.2%). The preferred levels included non-medicine treatment (53.49%), beginning treatment after experiencing CIPN (60.47%), email surveys (63.95%), assessments that include surveys and clinical exams (39.53%), under 30-min visits (44.19%), $50/week reimbursement (39.53%), and 1-month post-chemotherapy follow-up visits (32.56%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients' preferences for participation may be included in the design of future CIPN prevention clinical trials to potentially bolster study enrollment.

Self-Reported Severity, Characteristics, and Functional Limitations of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: The early identification of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) (e.g., numbness or tingling in the fingers or toes) is important due to its frequency and the few effective treatment options available. The identification of common patient-reported CIPN characteristics and associated functional limitations may help to facilitate patient-clinician discussions of CIPN in practice. AIMS: To quantify the severity, duration, location, characteristics, and associated functional limitations of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in patients receiving neurotoxic chemotherapy. DESIGN: Exploratory secondary analysis of a prospective, two-phase study SETTING: Breast, gastrointestinal, and multiple myeloma clinics at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. PARTICIPANTS: 142 individuals who planned to receive at least three more cycles of neurotoxic chemotherapy after consent. METHODS: Participants self-reported CIPN using standardized measures (i.e., PRO-CTCAE™ Numbness and Tingling Items or 0-10 numerical rating scale of worst CIPN pain intensity) and/or study team generated follow up questions about CIPN location, duration, characteristics, and functional limitations prior to three consecutive clinic visits (T1, T2, T3). Participants' responses to the CIPN self-report questionnaires were described by chemotherapy type and age. RESULTS: Over approximately 36.5 days (T1-T3), the percentage of participants reporting at least mild CIPN increased from 59.3% to 71%. At T3, patients with non-painful (n = 98) or painful neuropathy (n = 34) frequently reported symptoms in the fingers (non-painful = 83.5%, painful = 76.5%) or toes (non-painful = 49.5%, painful = 41.2%) and characterized symptoms as numbness (non-painful = 54.1%, painful = 50%) or tingling (non-painful = 68.4%, painful = 82.4%). Self-reported CIPN functional limitations (n = 55) included difficulties with buttoning a shirt (38.2%) or walking (25.5%). Paclitaxel-related CIPN (n = 33) was frequently characterized as "continuous" (30.3%), whereas oxaliplatin-related CIPN (n = 51) was frequently characterized as "intermittent" (41.2%). Young adults (15-39 years old, n = 15) frequently reported moderate-severe non-painful CIPN (46.7%), painful CIPN (40%), and CIPN interference (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with qualitative research, participants frequently described CIPN as numbness and/or tingling in the fingers and/or toes.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces the Negative Impact of Mental Fatigue on Swimming Performance.

The issue of using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve sport performance has recently been a topic of interest for researchers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tDCS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on mental fatigue and physical performance in professional swimmers. Fifteen professional swimmers were randomly assigned in a single-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced order to sham, anodal and cathodal stimulation conditions. Mental fatigue was induced by using a 60-min modified Stroop color-word task. Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after the stroop task. The results showed that only anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC reduces adverse effects of mental fatigue in 50-meter swimming performance, whereas cathodal stimulation had no significant effect.

Measurement properties of brief neuropathy screening items in cancer patients receiving taxanes, platinums, or proteasome inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Timely detection of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is critical to effectively tailor chemotherapy dose levels and offer supportive care. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the reliability and validity of the two Patient-Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE™) numbness and tingling severity and interference items to screen for CIPN in patients receiving taxanes, platinums, or proteasome inhibitors. METHODS: Participants (N = 142) completed the two PRO-CTCAE items, a 0-10 numerical rating scale of worst CIPN pain intensity, and the Quality of Life Questionnaire-CIPN20 (QLQ-CIPN20) prior to three clinical visits (T1, T2, T3) during neurotoxic chemotherapy. Participants completed the two PRO-CTCAE items again following the T3 clinical visit (T4). In addition, study staff administered the modified Total Neuropathy Score-Clinical Version (TNSc©) at T3. We examined floor (i.e., no CIPN severity or interference) and ceiling effects, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, longitudinal validity, construct validity of the response categories, and sensitivity and specificity of the two PRO-CTCAE items. RESULTS: At T3, 29% of participants had PRO-CTCAE severity scores at the floor; 60.1% of participants reported interference item scores at the floor. Agreements between scores reported at T3 and T4 for PRO-CTCAE severity (ICC = 0.79) and interference (ICC = 0.73) were moderate to strong. The PRO-CTCAE severity and interference items correlated moderately-strongly with QLQ-CIPN20 sensory (Spearman's ρ-range = 0.53-0.72) and motor (Spearman's ρ-range = 0.50-0.58) subscale scores. The Cohen's d from T1 to T3 for the PRO-CTCAE items were small (severity: d = 0.32, interference: d = 0.40) and comparable to the effect sizes for change observed with the QLQ-CIPN20. The PRO-CTCAE severity (0-3) and interference (0-2) response categories distinguished respondents with significantly different levels of QLQ-CIPN20 sensory and motor subscale scores (p < 0.001 via Jonckheere-Terpstra tests). The sensitivity and specificity of the PRO-CTCAE severity item (cutoff > 0) to detect probable sensory peripheral neuropathy were 95.83% and 65.22%, while the sensitivity and specificity of the PRO-CTCAE™ interference item (cutoff > 0) were 51.39% and 73.91%. CONCLUSION: Preliminary evidence supports the reliability and validity of the PRO-CTCAE numbness and tingling items for CIPN screening, although there may be floor effects and limitations in the capacity of the PRO-CTCAE items to identify the full range of CIPN sensory and motor features beyond numbness and tingling. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.Gov, NCT03514680. Registered 21 April 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03514680.

Exploring the impact of a decision support algorithm to improve clinicians' chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy assessment and management practices: a two-phase, longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) negatively affects physical function and chemotherapy dosing, yet, clinicians infrequently document CIPN assessment and/or adhere to evidence-based CIPN management in practice. The primary aims of this two-phase, pre-posttest study were to explore the impact of a CIPN clinician decision support algorithm on clinicians' frequency of CIPN assessment documentation and adherence to evidence-based management. METHODS: One hundred sixty-two patients receiving neurotoxic chemotherapy (e.g., taxanes, platinums, or bortezomib) answered patient-reported outcome measures on CIPN severity and interference prior to three clinic visits at breast, gastrointestinal, or multiple myeloma outpatient clinics (n = 81 usual care phase [UCP], n = 81 algorithm phase [AP]). During the AP, study staff delivered a copy of the CIPN assessment and management algorithm to clinicians (N = 53) prior to each clinic visit. Changes in clinicians' CIPN assessment documentation (i.e., index of numbness, tingling, and/or CIPN pain documentation) and adherence to evidence-based management at the third clinic visit were compared between the AP and UCP using Pearson's chi-squared test. RESULTS: Clinicians' frequency of adherence to evidence-based CIPN management was higher in the AP (29/52 [56%]) than the UCP (20/46 [43%]), but the change was not statistically significant (p = 0.31). There were no improvements in clinicians' CIPN assessment frequency during the AP (assessment index = 0.5440) in comparison to during the UCP (assessment index = 0.6468). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a clinician-decision support algorithm did not significantly improve clinicians' CIPN assessment documentation or adherence to evidence-based management. Further research is needed to develop theory-based implementation interventions to bolster the frequency of CIPN assessment and use of evidence-based management strategies in practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.Gov, NCT03514680 . Registered 21 April 2018.

Integration of Physician and Nursing Professional Efforts to Deliver Supportive Scalp Cooling Care to Oncology Patients at Risk for Alopecia.

Scalp cooling (SC) is an effective and generally well-tolerated method for prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). Initially studied in early-stage breast cancer, these devices have expanded US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance in a broad range of solid tumors including ovarian, colorectal, and prostate. Introducing SC to eligible patients, including those distraught by concerns of CIA, requires an integrated effort on the part of the physician, nursing, and care manager medical team. This article presents a pragmatic workflow for collaborative efforts from physicians and allied health professionals in the USA to deliver supportive SC to reduce CIA in patients undergoing treatment regimens known to impact hair follicles. It further highlights the efforts required to identify appropriate patients, educate, and set expectations of patients. The supervisory role of the physician during the procedure, the nursing role in monitoring and documentation, and the post-procedure decision-making by the physician are also addressed. Lastly, it suggests that integrated physician and nursing efforts necessary for scalp cooling are similar to other care used in oncology.

Thermal and morphological properties of nanocomposite materials based on graphene oxide and l-leucine containing poly(benzimidazole-amide) prepared by ultrasonic irradiation.

A new poly(benzimidazole-amide) (PBIA) was fabricated by polycondensation of 1,3-bis(5-amino-1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)benzene with chiral diacid under green media by using tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as a cheap commercially available molten ionic salt at 120°C. The affection of reaction time on the polymer yield and viscosity was tested and optimized for PBIA. Inherent viscosity value of the prepared PBIA under optimized conditions is 0.31dL/g. Then to acquire a uniformly dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) in the PBIA matrix, GO was prepared through strong oxidation procedure. After that, GO/PBIA nanocomposites (NCs) with different loading of GO were synthesized through solution mixing method under ultrasonic irradiation and the resulting NCs were characterized by different techniques. Through FE-SEM micrographs and TEM results of NC samples it can be found that the individual GO sheets were good dispersed in the polymer matrix. Also, the thermal properties of the obtained NCs were investigated and the obtained results illustrate high thermal stability with LOI values around 39-41%.

Surface topography and bond strengths of feldspathic porcelain prepared using various sandblasting pressures.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the bond strength of composite resin to feldspathic porcelain and its surface topography after sandblasting at different pressures. METHODS: In this in vitro study, 68 porcelain disks were fabricated and randomly divided into four groups of 17. The porcelain surface in group 1 was etched with hydrofluoric acid. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were sandblasted at 2, 3 and 4 bars pressure, respectively. Surface topography of seven samples in each of the four groups was examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The remaining 40 samples received the same silane agent, bonding agent, and composite resin and they were then subjected to 5000 thermal cycles and evaluated for shear bond strength. Data were analyzed using one-way anova. The mode of failure was determined using stereomicroscope and SEM. RESULTS: The highest shear bond strength was seen in group 4. however, statistically significant differences were not seen between the groups (P = 0.780). The most common mode of failure was cohesive in porcelain. The SEM showed different patterns of hydrofluoric acid etching and sandblasting. CONCLUSION: Increasing the sandblasting pressure increased the surface roughness of feldspathic porcelain but no difference in bond strength occurred.

Relationship of Gingival Pigmentation with Passive Smoking in Women.

BACKGROUND: Oral mucosal pigmentation is among the most common findings in smokers, affecting smile esthetics. Passive smoking significantly compromises the health of non-smoker individuals particularly women. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of passive smoking with oral pigmentation in non-smoker women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This historical-cohort study was conducted on a case group of 50 married women who were unemployed, not pregnant, non-smoker, had no systemic condition causing cutaneous or mucosal pigmentation, were not taking any medication causing cutaneous or mucosal pigmentation and had a heavy smoker husband. The control group comprised of 50 matched females with no smoker member in the family. Both groups were clinically examined for presence of gingival pigmentation and the results were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. RESULTS: Gingival pigmentation was found in 27 (54%) passive smokers and 14 (28%) controls (P=0.01). The odds ratio (OR) of gingival pigmentation in women exposed to secondhand smoke of their husbands (adjusted for education and having a smoker parent at childhood) was 3 (95% confidence interval; CI: 1.26 - 7.09). House floor area was correlated with gingival pigmentation in female passive smokers (P=0.025). CONCLUSION: This study was the first to describe the relationship between secondhand smoke and gingival pigmentation in women and this effect was magnified in smaller houses.

Oxaliplatin-induced immune thrombocytopenia: another cumulative dose-dependent side effect?

Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum compound that is commonly used for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) both in the adjuvant and metastatic disease settings. Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is presently limited by cumulative dose-dependent neurotoxicity. We had previously reported on 2 patients who developed oxaliplatin-induced immune thrombocytopenia (OITP) during their tenth and seventeenth FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/ oxaliplatin) cycles. Herein, we report on a third patient who developed severe thrombocytopenia after 28 cycles of modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX) chemotherapy. A 60-year-old white woman with metastatic CRC, who had partial sigmoidectomy and colostomy, presented with bleeding from stoma site, on cycle 28, day 1 of mFOLFOX6, 7.5 hours after completion of the oxaliplatin infusion. Laboratory data revealed marked thrombocytopenia with a nadir platelet count of zero. Due to concern for OITP, the patient's serum was sent to BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Inc. (Diagnostic Laboratories; Milwaukee, WI). Serologic testing for oxaliplatin-dependent platelet antibodies was performed using flow cytometry in the presence of various concentrations of oxaliplatin. Laboratory tests for autoimmune hemolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were negative. Oxaliplatin-dependent platelet reactive antibodies were detected in the patient's serum, confirming the diagnosis of OITP. The diagnosis of OITP should be entertained in patients receiving oxaliplatin for prolonged periods of time even though there are other more common causes of thrombocytopenia in these patients, including chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression, bone marrow involvement with tumor, and DIC.